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Updated Nov. 18, 2008  

　

Notes about some Questions (Page 2)

INTRODUCTION

If some of the notes on this page are possible as a complete answer to the question, be very careful about speaking those exact same words in the test. If many people speak the same sentences in the test, the examiners will eventually know that these sentences are not your original words. This will seriously damage your score! Some examiners might even read this website. Examiners don't like answers that candidates learn, word for word, from a book or from the blackboard in a class because such answers are not real, natural communication. The best idea is to adapt the ideas below (if you want to) by making your own sentences and speaking naturally in the test. (Memorized answers are usually not spoken in a very natural way.) Try to avoid letting the examiner know that you have read this website!

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Part 2 Topic 150 Organization 

 

小心! Read this.

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Part 2, Topic 151 Interesting News Story

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Part 3 Topic 151 News Note 1

This is not happening very much in (mainland) China but it is happening in the West. (Don't forget, the same Speaking test questions are being used all over the world.) 

Examples of this are: 

a) including too much news about entertainment and sports celebrities in the evening news programs, instead of solid news stories;

b) news stories about the personal lives of important people, such as politicians, rather than what these politicians actually say or do; and

c) including too many 'human interest' stories, such as stories about interesting, humorous or unusual events or people in the evening news programs, while at the same time omitting important news stories.

This is a political topic and I will leave it up to you to think about why this is happening and how it came about.

 

This is asking for your opinion and no opinion is 'wrong', as long as you can back it up with good reasons. But obviously, news and entertainment are two different things and serve different purposes.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 151 News Note 2

Don't say people can get news "from TV programs". Cartoons, football games and soap operas are also examples of "TV programs"! You should say, "TV news programs".

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 151 News Note 3

The main way newspapers attract readers is by using attention-catching headlines on the front page of the newspaper. But there are other ways, such as puzzles that have the solution in the next day's newspaper.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 151 News Note 4

The wording might be, "Do people in China prefer to read local news or international news?"

The word, "local" usually means 本地的. That is, it refers to your local community, town, city or province. But when it is used in contrast to "international" it is possible to interpret the meaning as, "domestic" or "national". Alternatively, you could continue to interpret the meaning as  本地的.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 151 News Note 5

This question is referring to news that is biased or even 100% untrue for the purposes of political propaganda. This includes the omission of important news stories that might give the public information that the newspaper or the government does not want the public to know about.

In English, the word, 'propaganda' does not simply mean 'information that is sent out'. It means information that is sent out but information that is unbalanced (= biased, slanted) or even untrue for the purpose of influencing the attitudes and beliefs (and, as a result) the behaviour of the public. However, this information is disguised as objective and truthful information - the public trusts the news disseminator to be objective and truthful. Almost always, the meaning is 'political' propaganda but the word 'political' is not always included. In a way, political propaganda is similar to 'brain washing'. In English, 'propaganda' is a negative thing - it is not the same as, 'public education', which is a positive thing. 

The ideal situation is for the news to be informative, objective (客观的) and, of course, truthful.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 152 A Law Note 1

The terms and definitions that are used in English to refer to law are sometimes complex and abstract. One reason for this is the fact that legal systems themselves are complex and vary from country to country in the world. For the purposes of the IELTS Speaking test, you don't need to spend a lot of time reading about this topic because it will take up too much of your time!

A broad way to group laws is this:

  1. International Laws and Treaties

  2. Domestic Laws (National laws; State or Provincial laws; city or township laws)

When people talk about "law" they are usually referring to Domestic Laws. However, to answer this Part 2 topic, it is also possible to talk about International Laws and Treaties if China has signed these international treaties. But I suggest you choose a domestic law.

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Some people also consider the following to be valid "laws" but I suggest you don't use an example of these as your answer for Part 2, although, strictly speaking, such an example would not be wrong.

  1. Religious laws

  2. Clan or tribal laws

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As a general guide, Domestic laws can be considered to belong to two main groups:

  1. Criminal Law

  2. Civil Law

1. Criminal Law

Examples of criminal law are laws concerning: assault, murder, robbery, theft, rape and kidnapping.

"Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well." (From Answers.com)

Since the government represents the community, criminal law offences are considered to be crimes against the authority of the government and the government imposes penalties for infractions of these laws. 

2. Civil Law

"Civil Law, as opposed to criminal law, refers to that branch of law dealing with disputes between individuals and/or organisations, in which compensation may be awarded to the victim. For instance, if a car crash victim claims damages against the driver for loss or injury sustained in an accident, this will be a civil law case." (From Answers.com)

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Another way to classify domestic laws is according to the general area of human activity that they cover. Some examples are:

  1. Commercial Law

  2. Family Law (concerning marriage, divorce, child welfare etc.)

  3. Traffic Laws

  4. Environmental Protection law

  5. Consumer Protection law

  6. Labour law

  7. Taxation law

  8. Intellectual Property Law

  9. Contract law

  10. Customs law

  11. Immigration Law

  12. laws regulating government / the administration of society by government

Note that there are many different classifications of law and that some of them overlap. For example, Contract law and Intellectual Property Law could be considered to be sub-branches of Commercial Law. Many of these classifications includes both criminal law and civil law within them. 

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"Economic Law"

The term, "Economic Law" is used in China but I suggest you don't use this term in the IELTS test because most Westerners have never heard of it - IELTS examiners will think it is a poor attempt to translate Chinese into, "Commercial Law". 

Westerners think it is a poor translation because economics is a rather theoretical, highly mathematical area of study concerned, in general, with the flow of money in society. An area of study does not require laws. In contrast, commerce, business or trade is a practical area of human activity that requires laws and regulations. The following definition of "Economics" is found at Answers.com: "The social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and with the theory and management of economies or economic systems."

However, if you search the internet, you will find that there are, in fact, two usages of the term "Economic Law":

  1. "International Economic Law", which deals with international laws and treaties in connection to international trade and other activities related to the economy, for example, the rules of the W.T.O. 

For example, The London School of Economics has a course called "International Economic Law" and this is how they describe the course: 

"The aim of the course is to study in detail those aspects of public international law which are concerned with international economic relations. We will concentrate primarily on the principles, norms and policies of international trade governed by the World Trade Organization, and will also cover some aspects of international monetary relations within the IMF, and international development assistance applied by the World Bank." (See here - http://www.lse.ac.uk/resources/calendar/courseGuides/LL/2007_LL447.htm)

Another definition (See http://www.pennjiel.com/) is this: "The Journal defines international economic law as a multi-disciplinary approach that includes, but is not limited to:

  1. private international transactions,
  2. national governmental regulation, and
  3. international intergovernmental regulation."

  1. (The usage in China.) The term "Economic Law" meaning, "Commercial Law" as used in socialist planned economies, such as in the former Soviet Union and China before 1979. However, China now has a mostly market economy, not a planned economy and most laws in China are now developing into variations of the Western "Commercial Laws". (See http://www.answers.com/ECONOMIC+LAW?cat=biz-fin) 

This makes the usage of the term unsuitable today, although, strictly speaking, not an English mistake. Overall, as I mentioned above, it is best to use "Commercial Law" because most IELTS examiners have never heard of the term, "Economic Law".

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Part 2 Topic 152 A Law Note 2

You should have no trouble in thinking of an example of a law in China to talk about. Nevertheless, here are some suggestions:

Notice that the last three examples are laws that annul or rescind previous laws - they no longer restrict or prohibit but now allow people to do things that were not allowed previously. In the West, when a government decides to annul, rescind or cancel a previous law, this decision is itself called, 'a law'.

Whatever example you choose to talk about, try to give details. For example, the law about plastic bags states that the bags must be sold for a certain price and must be a certain thickness and (I think) the law also prohibits shops from giving away very thin bags, of a certain thickness.

Some people have told me that the "One Child Policy" is not really a law but is just a "policy". The meaning of "policy" here is that if you have more than one child you are not considered to be a "criminal" but you certainly receive some form of penalty in the form of a fine etc. These fines could be called "disincentives" rather than punishment. In the West, I think we would call this a 'regulation', which is similar to a 'law', but breaking this regulation would be called a "misdemeanor" (a minor crime), similar to a parking ticket for parking your car in the wrong place. 

For the purposes of the Speaking test, I think it would be acceptable to use the "One Child Policy" as an example of a "law" because most examiners would not know the difference! Overall, I suggest you choose another law, not the 'One Child Policy'. But be prepared to express an opinion on the "One Child Policy" because, almost certainly, some examiners ask this question in Part 3.

A law usually has many 'clauses' (法律条文 )

I think the examples that I wrote above are suitable for this Part 2 topic. Those suggestions are examples of specific clauses of laws. However, most Westerners (IELTS examiners) would call these clauses, 'laws', not just clauses. If you choose to use one of those examples (or a similar example that you know about), just choose one and say it is "a law"  - don't choose several examples because the question asks you to talk about "a law", not several laws.

On the other hand, several people have written (on the internet) that the Labour Law ("labor" in American spelling) would be a good example to use and others have suggested something called The Juvenile Protection Law (or something similar). Although these examples of laws are much broader than the examples I suggested, I think they are also suitable for this Part 2 answer. However, you need to be careful not to speak too generally in the test. If, for example, you choose the Labour Law or the Juvenile Protection Law, you can give a general description of the law but you should also give some examples of the specific clauses in the law. For example, for the Labour Law, which covers a broad area of employees' rights, (especially migrant workers), I think you should choose one, two or three particular aspects (clauses) of the law, such as the clause to strengthen the enforceability of employment contracts. 

It's possible that China's national Constitution could be called a 'law' but I think it's too broad to be used as your Part 2 answer.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 152 Note 1

Be prepared to express an opinion on this question. There is no "correct" answer for questions in the IELTS test, which is after all just a test of your English. Whatever you say, you should have some good reason(s) for your opinion.

Many Western countries (but not the U.S.A.) have abolished the death penalty (also called "capital punishment") and many Westerners think it is morally wrong to kill someone as punishment. For example, to kill someone who has committed murder is, in some people's eyes, committing the same crime as the murderer! People who oppose the death penalty say that it degrades the people who carry out the penalty and degrades society as a whole by lessening the value of human life.

Not only that, studies have shown that the death penalty is not a very effective deterrent, especially against the crime of murder because most murders are committed in the heat of passion - they are called "crimes of passion". Most (but not all) murders take place within families and the murderer is unlikely to murder other people. This is especially true in the case of women who kill their abusive husbands.

Other studies have shown that ethnic minority people within society and people at the lowest end of the social scale receive the death penalty much more than upper class people who commit the same crimes.

Very importantly, studies have shown that a certain percentage of people (probably something like 1%) who have received the death penalty were in fact innocent of the crime - it was all a big mistake. 

One the other hand, many people maintain that the death penalty gives the families of victims a certain sense of "closure" or satisfies their need for vengeance. Finally, some people say that "society demands" the death penalty for the worst kinds of crimes to satisfy people's needs for retribution when a particularly horrible crime has been committed.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 152 Note 3

International laws are usually treaties (or agreements) that the countries of the world sign, although not every country signs every international treaty. By signing an international treaty, a country commits itself to abide by the rules of that treaty and the treaty then becomes part of the law of that country. If a country does not sign a treaty, that treaty is not considered to be law in that country (That country might still follow the terms of the treaty but is not obliged by law to do so.)

Any treaty or agreement between more than 2 countries is an example of an 'international law' because the terms of that treaty become law in those countries, that is, the treaty becomes law in more than one country. If the treaty or agreement is just between two countries, a more suitable description would be, 'a bi-national law'.

Many International Laws originate in the United Nations and are administered by the UN. For example the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an agency of the United Nations which manages the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). However, not every nation in the world has signed that and other United Nations treaties. Another example of an international agency that is part of the United nations is The World Health Organization. This page has information about international law as it applies to health and administered by the World Health Organization (WHO).

There is disagreement among legal experts about whether resolutions that the United Nations General Assembly or the United Nations Security Council passes are legally binding international  laws - some people (some countries) consider UN resolutions to be 'recommendations' only.

Some well-known examples of International Law are shown in the table below.

Treaty/Law

 Area of Concern

 Organization

General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT) (for goods), 

the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

 

  International Trade  The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Charter of the United Nations Principles of international peace & co-operation and the resolution of conflicts between countries  The United Nations
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)  Nuclear energy The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an agency of the United Nations.
The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

  Human rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), an agency of the United Nations.
The Principles of the International Criminal Court 

         &

Principles of the
Nuremberg Tribunal

 The most serious human rights crimes: Genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes  The International Criminal Court
The Geneva Conventions Rules concerning prisoners of war and non-combatants during war. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Sharing the world's oceans  The United Nations
International Maritime Law International shipping and pollution of the oceans. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), an agency of the United Nations.
International laws concerning infectious diseases (pdf)  Health The World Health Organization (WHO), an agency of the United Nations.
International Environmental Protection Agreements (many different ones) Environmental protection  
The Kyoto Protocol Environmental protection The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The rules of the International Postal Union International mail The Universal Postal Union, an agency of the United Nations.

Other links: 

International Court of Justice (Written in Chinese)

International Court of Justice, an agency of the United Nations.

 

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 152 Note 4

American English uses, 'a police officer'. This is a convenient expression because it includes both males & females. British English uses two different words, 'a policeman' and 'a policewoman'. American English also uses those words.

Both American & British English use, 'the police' to mean:  'the police force', 'a group of policemen and policewomen', 'a policeman' or 'a policewoman'. Even one police officer represents the whole police force, so 'the police' can be used as shown above.

If you are female, don't say, "I'd prefer to be a policeman." Use, 'policewoman'.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 152 Note 5

This question is referring to the legend of Robin Hood, in England. 

See the following internet links: http://www.englishclub.com/esl-forums/viewtopic.php?f=192&t=43641

and http://www.answers.com/topic/robin-hood

Even though no real Robin Hood existed, in the story he was an outlaw (a criminal) but a 'good outlaw' because he gave what he robbed to poor people. The question is asking you to balance two conflicting ideas: a) the fairness of redistributing wealth in a society where the rich have much more money than they need and the poor are very poor and, b) whether it is morally acceptable to resort to armed robbery to do that.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 152 Note 6

Under what circumstances can a person who has committed a crime escape punishment?

 

什么情况下一个人犯罪了可以逃避法律的惩罚 

This question was found at 3gbbs.com, 2008年11月15、16日雅思口语回忆, Page 2, 26楼

 

You might need this – 翻译 –  to read the following notes!

 

There are several circumstances. 

  1. Situations where the crime is undiscovered.

Obviously, if no-one, including the police, knows a crime has been committed, then the criminal will not be arrested and therefore will not be punished.

  1. Situations where a crime is known to have been committed but the criminal is never arrested because no-one has any idea who committed the crime.
  1. Situations where a crime is known to have been committed and a likely suspect is known but never arrested because he or she has run away and can't be found!
  1. Situations where a crime is known to have been committed and a likely suspect is known but is not arrested because of their social status or 'connections' (关系)

Many criminals fit this description and most of them are not arrested because they, (or their family or friends) belong to the most (politically) powerful group in society (called, the 'political elite', 掌权的精英). For example, some 'white collar' criminals are never arrested if they hold very powerful positions in society, even when the police know of the existence of the crime and who did it. This is because the police themselves are under the control of the elite and are afraid for their own jobs (or even their lives). In a way, a fearful police force is an example of a corrupt police force or, more accurately, a corrupt society.

  1. Situations where a crime is known to have been committed and a likely suspect is known but never arrested because they pay off (= bribe) the police.

The criminal can also escape arrest by corrupting the police with money (bribery). This is also very common, for example, in cases of  powerful organized crime groups who have a lot of money.

  1. Situations where a guilty person is arrested and tried in court but is judged 'innocent' (and therefore escapes punishment) by virtue of their being a member of the (political) elite class of society or 'having connections' (关系) to the elite. 

In this case, the judge (or jury, in places where juries are used) finds a way to dismiss the criminal charges against the arrested person. The court is corrupted by fear of the power of the elite.

  1. Situations where false evidence is presented in court leading to an 'innocent' verdict for a guilty person

A criminal can also escape punishment after being tried in court if the judicial process (the court trial) is corrupted by, for example, a witness telling lies (giving false testament) or the planting of false evidence that seems to show the innocence of the person who is actually guilty or even the planting of false evidence against another person who is actually innocent of the crime. In this case, the guilty person might be incorrectly judged to be 'innocent' by the court.

  1. Situations where a person is actually guilty of a crime (i.e., is a criminal) but is judged to be 'innocent' because the evidence is insufficient to prove guilt 

In this case, 'innocent' means, 'not judged to be guilty'. In many parts of the world, people are presumed to be innocent of a crime until it has been proved in court that they are guilty. And to prove guilt, a certain minimal standard of evidence is necessary. If there is not enough evidence and if the criminal does not confess to the crime, the criminal is found to be 'innocent' and therefore not punished.

  1. Situations where a good defense lawyer finds a 'loophole' in the law.

In cases of complex laws, for example commercial law, a good lawyer (= a high-priced lawyer) might be able to find a loophole or weakness in the law as it is written. In this case, the charge is dismissed and the guilty person (the criminal) walks free. 

  1. Situations where a 'mistrial' leads to dismissal of the charges against the criminal

Again, this usually requires the services of a high-priced defense lawyer who is able to prove that the trial was not conducted in accordance with set procedures (in accordance with the law). In some legal systems, a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime so a mistrial, if achieved, can be a good way to avoid ever being judged guilty for that particular instance of law-breaking.

  1. Situations where the criminal is found guilty but given a warning by the court, instead of punishment

There are some cases where the criminal is found to be guilty in a court of law but is given a warning instead of punishment. If the crime was a first offence and a minor crime, courts quite often give the criminal a warning, without punishment. This especially happens if there are further extenuating circumstances, such as the criminal being very young or having committed the crime in some situation which appeals to the sympathy of people (of the court), such as a hungry person stealing something to eat, the criminal being very old or the criminal has "already been punished" by losing a prestigious job or losing a position in society of high status as a result of having being found guilty of the crime.

Sometimes this 'appeal to the sympathy of the court' is not really 'sympathy' but simply, 'sentiment' and is based on prejudice. This is unfair, reflecting a social bias. This often happens in countries where different social groups exist in society – the members of the dominant social group are often treated more leniently in court than the 'lower' social groups for the same crimes. For example, if a very pretty, well-educated white girl from a rich family (but not necessarily a member of the elite) commits a relatively minor crime, she is much more likely to be given a warning than a poor, uneducated black girl – the poor black girl is more likely to be given a jail sentence for the same crime. Another example is someone who is famous, such as a film star or sports star – such people are sometimes given leniency simply because they are famous when an ordinary person would receive a punishment.

  1. Situations where the guilty person is given a reprieve as a result of the sympathy of the court even for rather serious crimes

There have also been cases where people have been found guilty of more serious crimes (but usually not the most serious) and not punished because the court has great sympathy for them. For example, if the criminal is very old or dying of cancer, the court may see no justification in imposing a punishment.

  1. Situations where the guilty person is pardoned (被原谅, 赦免) by the head of state

In some countries, the leader of the country can and does 'pardon' criminals. This is mostly in those countries with a president, a king or a queen. Usually the people who are pardoned are people who have already served some prison time but there have been cases where the leader pardons the person who has been found guilty even before any punishment has been decided by the court or before the punishment, if decided, has been carried out. 

  1. Situations where the guilty person escapes from police custody (escapes from prison) before the sentence of the court is carried out! 

In this case, we can say that this person, "escaped punishment", meaning, "escaped or avoided the imposition of the punishment". 

Sometimes, especially in cases of high-profile people and non-violent crimes, the person never was in police custody but they still were found guilty of a crime and are "required to" present themselves to serve jail time. Or the guilty person my be required to pay a fine. If this person simply runs away, then they can avoid the actual imposition of the punishment.

  1. Situations where the person dies before the punishment can be carried out

If the sentenced person dies (or kills him or herself) before the sentence is carried out, we can also say that this person, "escaped punishment", meaning, "escaped or avoided the imposition of the punishment".

There are cases where people unknowingly commit crimes, for example, someone taking another person's bicycle by mistake. These examples do not qualify as "criminals escaping punishment" because these people are not really criminals. To be a criminal, one must (usually) have the intention to commit a crime. Similar examples are cases where mentally retarded or mentally ill people commit crimes – these people are usually (but not always) judged to be innocent because they had a 'limited capacity' to know that what they were doing was a crime.

However, there are cases where a person commits a crime because they were ignorant of the law and in most countries (most legal systems) this is not accepted as a claim of innocence, although such ignorance might reduce the severity of the punishment. A typical example of this is breaking the taxation law.

小心! Read this.

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Part 2 Topic 153 A Performance or Show

You could talk about a fashion show for this. Or something as simple as: a street performance such as someone busking on the street or some old people performing Beijing opera in a park; or an air show where planes did spectacular stunts in the air; or even your friend singing in a KTV.

Of course, everyone has seen a play or similar performance in school.

Almost certainly, the question wants you to talk about a performance or show you saw live, not on TV.

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Part 2 Topic 154 Something You Would Like to Learn

Something You Would Like to Learn  (May 10, 2008)  

 

Version A

Describe something that you don't know (how to do) but would like to learn. (For example, a skill such as swimming.)*

            You should say

                    what you would like to learn  

                    why you would like to learn this 

                    how you would learn it (if you decided to do this)

                    who you would ask to help you learn this (if you needed help)

      and explain what difficulties you think you would possibly have learning this.  *

                                       or

     and explain what benefits you would get (if you learned this). *

 

 

Version B

Describe something that you want to learn. (For example, a skill.)*

        You should say

                    what you want to learn

                    why you want to learn this

                    how you will learn it  (If you decide to learn it.)* 

                    who you will ask to help you learn this (If you decide to learn it.)

and explain what difficulties you think you might have learning this. (If you decide to learn it.)*

                                                     or

and explain what benefits you will get (if you learn this). *

 

Version C

Describe something you can't do now but are planning to learn in the future. (For example, swimming.)

You should say

                    what you want to learn 

                    why you want to learn this 

                    how you plan to learn it (or, where you plan to get this knowledge)

                    who you plan to ask to help you learn this 

and explain what difficulties you think you will possibly have learning this. *

                                       or

and explain what benefits you will get if you learn this. *

 

Here's another example to show the difference between, "would + verb" and "would like to + verb". 

A: "What would you do if you were at home and an earthquake struck?" 

B: "Well, I'd like to collect some of my valuable things and then take them outside. But I wouldn't do that because I wouldn't have time. So, to answer your question; if I was at home and an earthquake struck,  I'd immediately run outside to safety."

From that example, we can see that what you would like to do and what you would do can be two different things! Think of "would + verb" as a hypothetical (假设的) form of "will + verb". "Will" is talking about the real future; "would" is hypothetical.

The grammar is, "If + past tense form of verb + would + verb" (or, "would + verb + if + past tense form of verb"). This is called "the Unreal If". The meaning is not past tense, even though the past tense verb form is used. You can think of it as meaning, "already done". For example: "I don't have enough money to buy a house. But if I had the money, I'd buy a house." Here, you can think of, "had the money" as meaning, "if I already had the money" - having the money comes first, before buying the house - that's why we use the past tense verb form, but it does not really mean that something has really happened in the past. This grammar is for talking about something hypothetical. 

And, is this usage related to this Part 2 topic?

The word, "want" has a very clear, emphatic meaning and sometimes sounds even quite forceful. When dealing with other people, such as when making a request, it is more polite to say, "would like to" instead of, "want". The hypothetical, "would" is used to achieve this polite tone because it has an unspoken meaning of, "if I may" or, "if it's ok with you". For example, "I'd like to speak to the manager, if I may." Or, "I'd like to speak to the manager, if that's ok with you."  Or you can think of the meaning as, "I'd be pleased to speak to the manager, if I had the chance. "Similarly, "I'd like something to drink, if I may." But it is not common to actually include the words, "if I may" or "if that's ok with you".

When offering something, we also use the same language. For example, "Would you like something to drink?" (= "Do you want something to drink?") Here, the meaning is, "Would you like it if you had something to drink?" or, "Would you be pleased if I gave you something to drink?" But people rarely actually say the "if" part of those sentences in this situation.

In Version A, "would like to + verb" = "would be happy to + verb, if it were possible" (or, "if I had the opportunity" or, "if I could" or "if I had the time", etc.) Therefore, this usage is different to the polite usage of, "would like to + verb" = "want to + verb".  

In the first example, "I would learn to fly a plane" = "I definitely would seize the opportunity and do that, if the opportunity arose". This is showing a strong wish or desire to do something that is not possible right now. It is similar to saying, "I will learn to fly a plane" but we can't use "will" in this situation, which is speaking hypothetically. Think of "would" as a hypothetical form of the verb, "will". 

When you say you "will" do something, it is strong, it is definite, without any doubt. In English, when we make a promise, we use "will", such as, "I'll give you that money tomorrow." Saying you "would do something" is similarly sure and strong but there is an understood meaning of, "If + a certain situation". 

The second example, "I would like to learn to fly a plane", is expressing a desire but not really saying that you would definitely do it if the opportunity arose. For example, maybe there are several things that I'd like to do, if I had the opportunity, but it would not be possible to do all of them. If I won the lottery (赢彩票), I would never need to work and I could (= would be able to) spend my time learning new things. But there are so many things I would like to learn! I'd like to learn several different languages, I'd like to learn to play several different musical instruments, I'd like to learn to be a master chess player, I'd like to learn to fly a plane, I'd like to learn to ski well, I'd like to learn wushu (武术), I'd like to learn to paint beautiful pictures, I'd like to learn how to create video games on a computer .... In other words, you can choose one thing and say, "I'd like to learn that, if I could" without meaning that you definitely would learn that one thing because "there are other things I'd like to do, if I could".

Version B uses "will + verb, if + present tense" (or, "If + present tense, will + verb"). This is called "the Real If" because it is talking about the real future but only if a certain condition is satisfied. Here's an example: "If it rains tomorrow, I'll take the bus to work. But if it's sunny, I'll walk to work." This is talking about the real future.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 154 Note 1

'Computers' and 'the internet' are not exactly the same thing. There are many 'programmed learning' applications (= software) that are used on a computer, without connecting to the internet. Studying mathematics is particularly well-suited to programmed learning software. Of course, such software can also be used via the internet.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 155 Tourism Note 1

Note on word usage

·         A "tourist" is a person who visits, and looks at the sights of a place that is not near to his or her home and this visit is for interest, recreation or leisure, not for work, i.e., the visit is ''for pleasure, not for business". A tourist does quite a lot of traveling. 

·         The "tourist industry" is that group of business activities that includes the hotel industry, travel agencies, the management of tourist sites, and other service industries for tourists such as the operation of guided tours and selling souvenirs. 

·         The word, "tourism" has two usages: 

a) "tourism" = the commercial activity of providing services for tourists. For this meaning, "tourism" = "the tourist industry". And, 

b) "tourism" = "the activity of traveling away from home as a tourist". For example, "Tourism is now a popular activity during holidays and for retired people."

·         English is quite flexible for some (but not all) word combinations using the words "tourist" and "tourism". For example, you can say, "a tourist destination" and you can also say, "a tourism destination", both meaning the same thing. However, I recommend saying, "a tourist destination" because it sounds a little less formal.

     Another example is, "the tourist industry" = "the tourism industry".                 

·         Some people say they are studying "tourist management" but that sounds unsuitable because you don't manage the people, the tourists -  you manage the businesses. So, I think it's better to say, "I'm studying tourism", which includes the idea of management of this kind of business. 

Some people also say they are studying, "tourism management", which is not really 'wrong' but it sounds a little cumbersome and, as I mentioned, if you study a particular type of commercial activity, (tourism), it means you are studying how to manage that commercial activity. Not only that, people don't usually study the management of a personal activity (the second meaning, above) - I'm sure these university courses are teaching how to manage the businesses, not how to manage people's personal activities.

Definitely don't say, "I'm studying tourist".

·         This website, http://www.answers.com/topic/tourism is good reading to increase your vocabulary and general knowledge on this topic.

小心! Read this.

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Part 3 Topic 156 Note 1

Note that the verb, "volunteer" means "to freely offer to do something, without being compelled to do that" or  "to freely offer to do something for no pay" or both of those.

"International volunteers" are basically people who volunteer to go to another country to help in an emergency situation such as an earthquake. Although many national governments send people who are paid by their governments to do this work, these people still might volunteer to go overseas in an emergency. Other people, such as doctors, often volunteer (= offer their services for no pay) to go and help in these emergency situations.

Similarly, some people volunteer to go overseas to help people in other countries tackle chronic (= ongoing & persistent) problems such as AIDS prevention and treatment in Africa, and helping to develop agriculture, education or infrastructure in underdeveloped countries.

Of course, there are international organizations such as the United Nations and the International Red Cross that send people overseas to help others. These organizations (or the people in these organizations) can also be thought of as volunteers, even though working as "international help-givers" is their job. They can be thought of as volunteer organizations because when help is needed, these organizations themselves (not really the people working in them) freely offer help, without being compelled to do so or without being asked to help.